Human Risk of Infection of Salmonella from Pet Reptiles

A recent outbreak of Salmonella has been linked to pet bearded dragons, impacting humans across 9 states. As of June 14, CDC has reported 15 illnesses and 4 hospitalizations, but no deaths. In the last 10 years, there have been 13 reported outbreaks of human infections linked to contact with reptiles or amphibians, such as small turtles, geckos, and frogs. Because these pets are found in millions of households in the U.S. or in outdoor areas, it is important to take the proper cautionary steps to stay healthy and avoid spread in your food facilities.

Salmonella can cause a bacterial infection that results in symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps in humans. Salmonella is one of the most common forms of food poisoning, typically caused by eating contaminated raw meat, poultry, or eggs or drinking unpasteurized milk. Children under 5, adults 65+, and others with weakened immune systems may experience more severe symptoms that require treatment or hospitalization.

In the current outbreak, Salmonella bacteria have been identified in the digestive tracts of bearded dragons. The bacteria can spread to humans who handle infected bearded dragons or come into contact with environments contaminated by their feces. Being in contact with the bacteria and then touching food or your mouth and ingesting the Salmonella can lead to infection. To reduce likelihood of infection, the CDC has published guidance. Its advice includes washing your hands properly after contact with the animal or its environment. When cleaning its supplies—feeders, toys, or food and water containers—or area, don’t bathe your pets where food is prepared or eaten, instead use a laundry sink or bathtub. If immunocompromised, avoid any contact with bearded dragons. Don’t eat or drink around your pet bearded dragon, and do not kiss or snuggle the animal. These actions can result in germs traveling to your mouth that can lead to illness. Routine veterinary care is also important in keeping the pet bearded dragon healthy.

One study tested detection of Salmonella in over 700 samples collected from different reptiles and their environments. Findings showed the bacteria was present in 92.2% of snake samples, 83.7% of lizards, and 60% of turtles—proving many reptiles can be a reservoir of this infectious bacteria. Therefore, the recommendations made above apply to any pet reptile.

To prevent the spread of disease from reptiles/amphibians in the workplace, CDC provides several recommendations. Graphics can be provided to illustrate proper handwashing after handling animals and before handling product. Employees should be educated on protection from Salmonella infection and other possible animal-transmitted disease. If ill, employees are advised to stay home. For non-traditional pet owners, more measures to prevent infection of animal-transmitted disease can be found here.